Data layers used in the OHI 2020 global assessment
These data layers were used to calculate the OHI 2020 assessment. Clicking on the layer name in the “Layer” variable will provide a full description of the data layer (as well as a link to the actual data). The “Description” variable provides links to the code used to create the data layers (on Github when available).
| Layer | Description | Dimension | References | 2020 Updates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artisanal fisheries opportunity | The opportunity for artisanal and recreational fishing based on the quality of management of the small-scale fishing sector (data prep) | AO | Mora et al. (2009) | none |
| Economic need for artisanal fishing | Inverse of per capita purchasing power parity (PPP) adjusted gross domestic product (GDP): GDPpcPPP as a proxy for subsistence fishing need (data prep) | AO | World Bank (2020) | additional year of GDP data (2019) |
| Habitat extent of coral | Area of coral habitat (data prep) | CP | UNEP-WCMC et al. (2018) | new data source: global distribution of coral reefs https://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/1 |
| Habitat extent of seaice | Area of seaice (edge and shoreline) habitat (data prep) | CP | Cavalieri et al. (1996) | additional year of data (2019) |
| Habitat condition of coral | Current condition of coral habitat relative to historical condition (data prep) | CP, HAB | Bruno & Selig (2007); Schutte et al. (2010) | none |
| Habitat condition trend of coral | Estimated trend in coral condition (data prep) | CP, HAB | Bruno & Selig (2007); Schutte et al. (2010) | none |
| Habitat condition of seaice | Current condition of seaice habitat relative to historical condition (data prep) | CP, HAB | Cavalieri et al. (1996) | none |
| Habitat condition trend of seaice | Estimated trend in seaice condition (data prep) | CP, HAB | Cavalieri et al. (1996) | additional year of data (2019) |
| Habitat extent of mangrove | Area of mangrove habitat (data prep) | CS, CP | Hamilton & Casey (2016) | none |
| Habitat extent of saltmarsh | Area of saltmarsh habitat (data prep) | CS, CP | Dahl (2011); Eionet (2008a); Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2004); New Zealand Ministry for the Environment (2007); Bridgham et al. (2006); Eionet (2008b); Committee (2004) | none |
| Habitat extent of seagrass | Area of seagrass habitat (data prep) | CS, CP | Short et al. (2011a) | none |
| Habitat condition of mangrove | Current condition of mangrove habitat relative to historical condition (data prep) | CS, HAB, CP | United Nations (2007) | none |
| Habitat condition trend of mangrove | Estimated trend in mangrove condition (data prep) | CS, HAB, CP | Hamilton & Casey (2016) | none |
| Habitat condition of saltmarsh | Current condition of saltmarsh habitat relative to historical condition (data prep) | CS, HAB, CP | Bridgham et al. (2006); Dahl (2011); Eionet (2008a); Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2004); New Zealand Ministry for the Environment (2007) | none |
| Habitat condition trend of saltmarsh | Estimated trend in saltmarsh condition (data prep) | CS, HAB, CP | Bridgham et al. (2006); Dahl (2011); Eionet (2008a); Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2004); New Zealand Ministry for the Environment (2007) | none |
| Habitat condition of seagrass | Current condition of seagrass habitat relative to historical condition (data prep) | CS, HAB, CP | Hemminga & Duarte (2000); Waycott et al. (2009) | none |
| Habitat condition trend of seagrass | Estimated trend in seagrass condition (data prep) | CS, HAB, CP | Short et al. (2011b); Waycott et al. (2009) | none |
| Chemical pollution trend | Trends in chemical pollution, based on commercial shipping traffic, ports and harbors, land-based pesticide use (organic pollution), and urban runoff (inorganic pollution) within EEZ (data prep) | CW | Halpern et al. (2008); Halpern et al. (2015a); Homer et al. (2004); United Nations (2016) | none |
| Nutrient pollution trend | Trends in nutrient pollution, using fertilizer consumption as a proxy for nutrient pollution (data prep) | CW | Halpern et al. (2008); Halpern et al. (2015a); Homer et al. (2004); United Nations (2016) | none |
| Pathogen pollution trend | Trends in percent of population without access to improved sanitation facilities as a proxy for pathogen pollution (data prep) | CW | WHO-UNICEF (2019) | none |
| Plastic trash trends | Trends in trash estimated using improperly disposed of plastics (data prep) | CW | Jambeck et al. (2015) | none |
| Coastal chemical pollution | Modeled chemical pollution within 3nm of coastline from commercial shipping traffic, ports and harbors, land-based pesticide use (organic pollution), and urban runoff (inorganic pollution) (data prep) | CW, pressure | Halpern et al. (2008); Halpern et al. (2015a); Homer et al. (2004); United Nations (2016) | none |
| Coastal nutrient pollution | Modeled nutrient pollution within EEZ based on fertilizer consumption (data prep) | CW, pressure | Halpern et al. (2008); Halpern et al. (2015a); Homer et al. (2004); United Nations (2016) | none |
| Pathogen pollution | Percent of population without access to improved sanitation facilities as a proxy for pathogen pollution (data prep) | CW, pressure | WHO-UNICEF (2019) | two additional years of data (2016 & 2017) |
| Marine plastics | Global marine plastic pollution (data prep) | CW, pressure | Eriksen et al. (2014) | none |
| Economic status scores | Calculated using corrected revenue data for several marine sectors (data not updated since 2013) (data prep) | ECO | Kaufmann et al. (2010); O’Connor et al. (2009); United Nations (2013c); United Nations (2013b); United Nations (2013a); United Nations (2012); World Bank (2016) | eliminated calculation, now just provide results as placeholder (not updated since 2013) |
| Economic trend scores | Calculated using change in revenue for several marine sectors (data not updated since 2013) (data prep) | ECO | Kaufmann et al. (2010); O’Connor et al. (2009); United Nations (2013c); United Nations (2013b); United Nations (2013a); United Nations (2012); World Bank (2014a); World Bank (2016) | eliminated calculation, now just provide results as placeholder (not updated since 2013) |
| Sectors in each region | Proportion of jobs within each marine sector (data prep) | ECO, LIV | France (2011); O’Connor et al. (2009); Thorbourne (2011); United Nations personal communication (2011); WTTC (2013) | none |
| B/Bmsy estimates | The ratio of fish population abundance compared to the abundance required to deliver maximum sustainable yield (RAM and catch-MSY data) (data prep 1, data prep 2, data prep 3) | FIS | Anderson (2018); Free (2017); Martell & Froese (2013); Database (2018); Ricard et al. (2012); Rosenberg et al. (2014); Watson (2019) | additional RAM species, 2 additional years of data (2016 & 2017) |
| Fishery catch data | Mean commercial catch for each OHI region (averaged across years) (data prep) | FIS | Watson (2019) | data updated |
| Food provision weights | Proportion of wild caught fisheries relative to total food production (e.g., fisheries and mariculture) (data prep) | FP | United Nations (2018c); United Nations (2018a) | additional year of data |
| Habitat condition of softbottom | Current condition of softbottom habitat, based on demersal destructive fishing practices (e.g., trawling) (data prep) | HAB | Watson & Tidd (2018) | additional year of data (2017) |
| Habitat condition trend of softbottom | Estimated change in softbottom condition, based on trends in demersal destructive fishing practices (e.g., trawling) (data prep) | HAB | Watson & Tidd (2018) | additional year of data (2017) |
| IUCN extinction risk | IUCN extinction risk category for iconic species located within each region (data prep) | ICO | Halpern et al. (2012); IUCN (2020a) | updated iucn redlist classifications |
| Livelihood status scores | Calculated using adjusted job and wage data in several marine sectors (data not updated since 2013) (data prep) | LIV | France (2011); Kaufmann et al. (2010); O’Connor et al. (2009); Oostendorp & Freeman (2012); Thorbourne (2011); United Nations personal communication (2011); World Bank (2014a); World Bank (2014b); World Bank (2016); WTTC (2013) | none |
| Livelihood trend scores | Calculated using change in adjusted job and wage data in several marine sectors (data not updated since 2013) (data prep) | LIV | France (2011); Kaufmann et al. (2010); O’Connor et al. (2009); Oostendorp & Freeman (2012); Thorbourne (2011); United Nations personal communication (2011); World Bank (2014b); World Bank (2016); World Bank (2014c); WTTC (2013) | none |
| Inland coastal protected areas | Protected areas located 1 km inland (data prep) | LSP | Lewis et al. (2017); IUCN (2020) | additional year of data |
| Offshore coastal protected areas | Protected areas located 3nm offshore (data prep) | LSP | Lewis et al. (2017); IUCN (2020) | additional year of data |
| Inland 1km area | Inland area of OHI regions within 1km of shoreline (data prep) | LSP | Claus et al. (2012); ESRI (2010); Halpern et al. (2012); Halpern et al. (2015b) | none |
| Offshore 3nm area | Offshore area of OHI regions within 3nm of shoreline (data prep) | LSP | Claus et al. (2012); ESRI (2010); Halpern et al. (2012); Halpern et al. (2015b) | none |
| Potential tonnes of mariculture harvest | Tonnes of mariculture harvest potential for each region based on biological variables and growth performance indices. Taken from Gentry et al. 2017 and adopted for the OHI. (data prep) | MAR | Gentry et al. (2019) | none |
| Mariculture harvest | Tonnes of mariculture harvest (data prep) | MAR | United Nations (2018b) | additional year of data (2018) |
| Mariculture sustainability score | Mariculture sustainability based on the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch Aquaculture Recommendations. (data prep) | MAR | Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch (2020) | New data source: Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch Aquaculture Recommendations |
| Habitat extent of rocky reef | Area of rocky reef habitat (data prep) | NP | Halpern et al. (2008) | none |
| Exposure of ornamental fishing to coral and rocky reef habitats | The ln-transformed intensity of harvest calculated as tonnes of harvest per km2?of coral and/or rocky reef for ornamentals, relative to the global maxiumum. (data prep) | NP | Burke et al. (2011) | new name for the np cyanida data layer |
| Fish oil and fish meal score | Score based on the amount of sustainably and unsustainably caught forage fish used for fish oil and fish meal. Penalties are assigned for both under harvest and over harvested based on B/Bmsy estimates. (data prep) | NP | Watson (2019); Database (2018) | new data layer for forage fish using watson and RAM dta |
| Relative natural product harvest value | Relative importance of three marine commodities (fish oil, seaweeds ornamental fish) within each region determined by finding the relative contribution per a 5 year average of harvest (in USD) divided by the total 5 year average harvest value (in USD) per each commodity within each region. (data prep) | NP | UN-FAO (2019) | updated with additional year of data and stabilized weights based on 5 year average |
| Relative ornamental natural product harvest tonnes | Tonnes of harvest of ornamentals relative to maximum harvest of the ornamentals within the region observed across years (data prep) | NP | UN-FAO (2019) | new data layer which uses global commodities data |
| Risk of harvest practices for ornamental fish | Based on whether ornamental fishing has unsustainable harvest practices (i.e., the intensity of cyanide fishing for ornamental fish, and any harvest of corals since they are CITES protected species). Risk for ornamental fish was set based on assessments of cyanide or dynamite fishing by Reefs at Risk Revisited (www.wri.org/publication/reefs-at-risk-revisited) under the assumption that most ornamental fishes are harvested from coral reefs. (data prep) | NP | Burke et al. (2011) | new name for the np blast data layer |
| Seaweed mariculture sustainability score | Seaweed mariculture sustainability based on the Mariculture Sustainability Index (MSI) (data prep) | NP | Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch (2020) | new data layer which uses Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch Aquaculture Recommendations |
| Seaweed natural product harvest | Yield in metric tonnes of seaweed (data prep) | NP | United Nations (2018b) | new data layer which uses mariculture seaweed data |
| Ocean acidification | Pressure due to increasing ocean acidification, scaled using biological thresholds (data prep) | pressure | Feely et al. (2009) | none |
| Sea level rise | Pressure due to rising mean sea level (data prep) | pressure | AVISO (2018) | none |
| Sea surface temperature | Presure due to increasing extreme sea surface temperature events (data prep) | pressure | NOAA (2018) | none |
| UV radiation | Pressure due to increasing frequency of UV anomolies (data prep) | pressure | Jari Hovila (2013) | additional year of data (2019) |
| High bycatch due to artisanal fishing | Pressure due to artisanal high bycatch fishing identified by discard tonnes and standardized by NPP (data prep 1, data prep 2) | pressure | Behrenfeld & Falkowski (1997); O’Malley; Watson (2019) | two additional years of data (2016 & 2017) |
| Low bycatch due to artisanal fishing | Pressure due to artisanal low bycatch fishing identified by reported and IUU tonnes and standardized by NPP (data prep 1, data prep 2) | pressure | Behrenfeld & Falkowski (1997); O’Malley; Watson (2019) | two additional years of data (2016 & 2017) |
| High bycatch due to commercial fishing | Pressure due to industrial high bycatch fishing identified by discard tonnes and standardized by NPP (data prep 1, data prep 2) | pressure | Behrenfeld & Falkowski (1997); O’Malley; Watson (2019) | two additional years of data (2016 & 2017) |
| Low bycatch due to commercial fishing | Pressure due to industrial low bycatch fishing identified by reported and IUU tonnes and standardized by NPP (data prep 1, data prep 2) | pressure | Behrenfeld & Falkowski (1997); O’Malley; Watson (2019) | two additional years of data (2016 & 2017) |
| Targeted harvest of cetaceans and marine turtles | Targeted harvest of cetaceans and marine turtles (data prep) | pressure | United Nations (2019) | additional year of data (2018) |
| Coral harvest pressure | Pressure on coral due to harvesting as a natural product (data prep) | pressure | UNEP-WCMC et al. (2018) | new data layer for coral harvest pressure. Derived from FAO commodities data and coral extent data. |
| Intertidal habitat destruction | Coastal population density (25 mi from shore) as a proxy for intertidal habitat destruction (data prep) | pressure | Center For International Earth Science Information Network-CIESIN-Columbia University (2017) | none |
| Subtidal hardbottom habitat destruction | Presence of blast fishing as an estimate of subtidal hard bottom habitat destruction (data prep) | pressure | Burke et al. (2011) | none |
| Subtidal soft bottom habitat destruction | Pressure on soft-bottom habitats due to demersal destructive commercial fishing practices (e.g., trawling) (data prep) | pressure | Halpern et al. (2008); Watson & Tidd (2018) | additional year of data (2017) |
| Chemical pollution | Modeled chemical pollution within EEZ from commercial shipping traffic, ports and harbors, land-based pesticide use (organic pollution), and urban runoff (inorganic pollution) (data prep) | pressure | Halpern et al. (2008); Halpern et al. (2015a); Homer et al. (2004); United Nations (2016) | none |
| Nutrient pollution | Modeled nutrient pollution within 3nm of coastline based on fertilizer consumption (data prep) | pressure | Halpern et al. (2008); Halpern et al. (2015a); Homer et al. (2004); United Nations (2016) | none |
| Nonindigenous species | Measure of harmful invasive species (data prep) | pressure | Molnar et al. (2008) | none |
| Genetic escapes | Introduced mariculture species (Mariculture Sustainability Index) as a proxy for genetic escapes (data prep) | pressure | Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch (2020) | additional year of FAO mariculture yield data (2018); and updated escapes data from Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch Aquaculture Recommendations |
| Weakness of social progress | Inverse of Social Progress Index scores (data prep) | pressure | Social Progress Index (2020); Stern et al. (2018) | additional year of data |
| Weakness of governance | Inverse of World Governance Indicators (WGI) six combined scores (data prep) | pressure | Kaufmann et al. (2010); WorldBank (2018) | additional year of data (2017) |
| Fisheries management index | Country scale regulations and management of fishing (data prep) | resilience | Melnychuk et al. (2017) | none |
| Management of habitat to protect fisheries biodiversity | Survey responses by country to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Third National Report: habitat related questions (data prep) | resilience | Convention on Biological Diversity (2005) | none |
| Artisanal fisheries management effectiveness | Quality of management of small-scale fishing for artisanal and recreational purposes (data prep) | resilience | Mora et al. (2009) | none |
| Coastal protected marine areas (fishing preservation) | Protected marine areas within 3nm of coastline (lasting special places goal status score) (data prep) | resilience | Lewis et al. (2017); IUCN (2020) | additional year of data (2020) |
| EEZ protected marine areas (fishing preservation) | Protected marine areas within EEZ (lasting special places calculation applied to the entire EEZ) (data prep) | resilience | Lewis et al. (2017); IUCN (2020) | additional year of data (2020) |
| CITES signatories | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) signatories (data prep) | resilience | CITES (2015) | none |
| Management of mariculture to preserve biodiversity | Survey responses by country to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Third National Report: mariculture related questions (data prep) | resilience | Convention on Biological Diversity (2005) | none |
| Mariculture Sustainability Index | Mariculture practice assessment criteria from the Mariculture Sustainability Index (MSI) (data prep) | resilience | Trujillo (2008) | none |
| Management of tourism to preserve biodiversity | Survey responses by country to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Third National Report: tourism related questions (data prep) | resilience | Convention on Biological Diversity (2005) | none |
| Management of habitat to protect habitat biodiversity | Survey responses by country to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Third National Report: habitat related questions (data prep) | resilience | Convention on Biological Diversity (2005) | none |
| Coastal protected marine areas (habitat preservation) | Protected marine areas within 3nm of coastline (lasting special places goal status score) (data prep) | resilience | Lewis et al. (2017); IUCN (2020) | additional year of data |
| EEZ protected marine areas (habitat preservation) | Protected marine areas within EEZ (lasting special places calculation applied to the entire EEZ) (data prep) | resilience | IUCN (2020) | additional year of data |
| Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) | Competitiveness in achieving sustained economic prosperity (data prep) | resilience | Schwab (2017a) | none |
| Economic diversity | Sector evenness based on Shannon’s Diversity Index calculated on the proportion of jobs in each sector as a measure of economic diversity (data prep) | resilience | France (2011); O’Connor et al. (2009); Thorbourne (2011); United Nations personal communication (2011); WTTC (2013) | none |
| Management of waters to preserve biodiversity | Survey responses by country to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Third National Report: clean water management related questions (data prep) | resilience | Convention on Biological Diversity (2005) | none |
| Social Progress Index | Social Progress Index scores (data prep) | resilience | Social Progress Index (2020); Stern et al. (2018) | additional year of data |
| Measure of coastal ecological integrity | Marine species condition (same calculation and data as the species subgoal status score) calculated within 3 nm of shoreline as a proxy for ecological integrity (data prep) | resilience | Birdlife International (2018); IUCN (2020a); IUCN (2020b) | additional year of data |
| Measure of ecological integrity | Marine species condition (species subgoal status score) as a proxy for ecological integrity (data prep) | resilience | Birdlife International (2018); IUCN (2020a); IUCN (2020b) | additional year of data |
| Strength of governance | World Governance Indicators (WGI) six combined scores (data prep) | resilience | Kaufmann et al. (2010) | additional year of data (2017) |
| Region areas based on EEZ boundaries | Area of Ocean Health Index regions modified from exclusive economic zones, weights used to calculate global score (data prep) | spatial | Claus et al. (2012); ESRI (2010); Halpern et al. (2012); Halpern et al. (2015b) | none |
| OHI region id | Subset of regions that are not deleted or disputed (data prep) | spatial | Claus et al. (2012); ESRI (2010); Halpern et al. (2012); Halpern et al. (2015b) | none |
| Regions | Regions by type (eez, subocean, unclaimed) (data prep) | spatial | Claus et al. (2012); ESRI (2010); Halpern et al. (2012); Halpern et al. (2015b) | none |
| Uninhabited regions | Regions with low and no number of inhabitants (also identifies Southern Islands) (data prep) | spatial | Wikipedia | none |
| Average species condition | Overall measure of species condition based on IUCN status of species within each region (data prep) | SPP | Birdlife International (2018); IUCN (2020a); IUCN (2020b) | additional year of data |
| Average species condition trend | Overall measure of species condition trends based on change in IUCN status of species within each region (data prep) | SPP | Birdlife International (2018); IUCN (2020a); IUCN (2020b) | additional year of data |
| Percent direct employment in tourism | Percent direct employment in tourism (data prep) | TR | WTTC (2019) | two additional years of data |
| Tourism sustainability index | Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) (data prep) | TR | Schwab (2017b) | additional year of data (2019) |
| Coastal protection weights | Habitat extent multiplied by habitat protection rank for: coral, mangrove (offshore and inland 1km), saltmarsh, sea ice (shoreline), and seagrass (empty dataframe filled by functions.R in ohi-global) (data prep) | weighting | Tallis et al. (2011) | none |
| Carbon storage weights | Habitat extent multiplied by carbon storage capacity for: mangrove, saltmarsh, and seagrass (empty dataframe filled by functions.R in ohi-global) (data prep) | weighting | Laffoley & Grimsditch (2009) | none |
| Habitat presence/absence | List of habitats in each region (empty dataframe filled by functions.R in ohi-global) (data prep) | weighting | NA | none |
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